What is the primary function of soil microorganisms?

The primary function of soil microorganisms is to decompose organic matter. This biological process is crucial for nutrient cycling in the soil ecosystem. Soil microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, break down dead plant and animal material, as well as waste products, converting them into simpler organic compounds and nutrients that are then available for uptake by plants. This decomposition not only enriches the soil with essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but also helps to improve soil structure and aeration, enhancing overall soil health.

Other functions related to soil, such as compacting soil layers or blocking nutrient absorption, are not roles played by microorganisms. Instead, these processes are influenced by physical factors, such as land use and mechanical pressure. Similarly, while soil horizons are formed over long periods through the processes of weathering and biological activity, microorganisms are not directly responsible for their creation but rather contribute to the cycling of nutrients and organic matter within those horizons.