What is a soil horizon?

A soil horizon is defined as a distinct layer within the soil profile. It represents a unique set of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that differentiate it from other layers. These horizons are formed through soil formation processes and can vary in color, texture, structure, and composition, reflecting the environmental and climatic conditions as well as the biological activity that has influenced the soil over time.

Understanding soil horizons is essential for soil classification, management, and understanding ecosystem health. For instance, in a typical topsoil horizon (often referred to as the "A" horizon), we find organic materials that contribute to plant growth, while deeper horizons (like the "B" horizon) may contain accumulated nutrients and minerals leached from above layers. This stratification is crucial for activities such as agriculture, as it helps determine soil fertility, drainage capabilities, and overall suitability for various uses.